Daniel Bedinger (7)
The penalty good men pay for not being interested politics is to be governed by men worse than themselves.
Plato |
Daniel Bedinger felt every honest man should exercise his best judgment on all occasions and act accordingly. He wrote in a letter to Henry Bedinger, “This is not only the right, but the duty of every citizen, and therefore we may, both of us, enjoy our own opinions without giving just cause of offence to anyone, no matter how widely we may differ on political subjects”.[i] We scarcely read a letter written by Daniel to one of his brothers that he doesn't express his thoughts and feelings regarding governmental policies or actions.
Although his brothers, Henry and George Michael, were active in politics and held public office, Daniel did not pursue pubic office but held strong views on political affairs, governmental policies and international relations. Daniel Bedinger composed "The Cossack Celebration", in which he cleverly caricatured the Federalists' in their jubilant revel in Shepherdstown over the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and the ascendancy of the Bourbon royalty in France. Several decades later the poem was remembered as one of the strongest examples of satirical writing in the United States.[ii]
Although his brothers, Henry and George Michael, were active in politics and held public office, Daniel did not pursue pubic office but held strong views on political affairs, governmental policies and international relations. Daniel Bedinger composed "The Cossack Celebration", in which he cleverly caricatured the Federalists' in their jubilant revel in Shepherdstown over the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and the ascendancy of the Bourbon royalty in France. Several decades later the poem was remembered as one of the strongest examples of satirical writing in the United States.[ii]
Daniel Bedinger (7), born 27 March 1761, the youngest of three brothers of who left their birthplace in York Co., Pennsylvania and moved just south of the Potomac River in 1762 with their sisters and parents, Henry Bedinger (1) and Mary Magdalene Von Schlegel (S1). What we know of the early life of and education of Daniel and his brothers and sisters in Shepherdstown is told in an earlier section of this website. Daniel was but fourteen years of age when his older brothers, Henry (4) and George Michael (6) first volunteered for service in the Colonial Army and joined General George Washington's troops in the siege of the British army at Boston. A year later his brothers returned and Daniel was no doubt enthralled by hearing of the exploits recounted by his brothers. His brother Henry set to work enlisting another troop of soldiers for the colonial Army. When time came for Henry to leave for battle, Daniel begged his mother to let him join them. But, he as told he was still too young and must stay in Shepherdstown and help the family. The story of his running away to join Henry and his militia in New Jersey, the story of the three brothers and their service during the Revolutionary War is told in the section Brothers of the Revolution. The following narrative resumes with the story of Daniel Bedinger when he returns to Shepherdstown after the war.
Daniel Bedinger at the Custom House
Lieutenant Daniel Bedinger, having been mustered out of the army, went to Norfolk where he entered business as a merchant. He was attracted to the place because it was the home of some of his brother officers. The City of Norfolk had been devastated by the war. In December 1775 the Virginia militia had routed the British governor who fled to the safety of a British ship in the Elizabeth River. Governor Dunmore opened fire on the Virginia and North Carolina troops in the city with his naval guns. The patriot militia set ablaze the homes, shops and warehouses of some of the local Tories. Residents fled the city.[iii] When Daniel arrived in 1784 the city was beginning to rebuild. The large harbor was the chief base for overseas shipping and the terminus of navigation for large ships. Commodities were shipped upstream from Norfolk by barge or to other destinations overland by wagons. In Norfolk Daniel established his residence and through his work at the Custom House he was able to establish friends, business contacts and earn a reputation as a trusted friend and honest business man.[iv]
It is said that Daniel Bedinger was furnished a letter of recommendation by George Washington himself and in 1793 he found no difficulty in getting into the Custom House. In Norfolk Daniel found the opportunities to exercise his business acumen and leadership and keep abreast of the news and political controversies of the nation. Fitting in well in his duties in the Custom House, Daniel Bedinger's responsibilities rose to acting naval officer and deputy collector of the port serving under Josiah Parker the Collector of the Port. In February 1789, Josiah Parker, having been elected to the House of Representatives, submitted his letter of resignation to the state as collector at Norfolk. It was known that one of the first acts soon to be enacted by the first U. S. Congress under the first term of President George Washington would be the creation of a Custom Service which would create a Collector and other positions for ports to be cited in the law. The United States Custom Service would have the responsibility to regulate the collection of duties imposed by law on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on goods, wares and merchandise imported into the United States. It became the responsibility of President George Washington to nominate and for the Senate to approve the Collector, Naval Officer and Surveyor for each of the 59 ports cited in the law.
Bedinger’s letter of application for the position of Collector [vii] was forwarded to President George Washington with the following endorsement from Josiah Parker. Captain Bedinger “…I know by experience (he having lived with me when in office upwards of three years) to be fully equal to any duty in that department which may be assigned to him. He is a Native of Berkeley County. Served in the Army from his early youth—was captured at Fort Washington—and was noticed by General Green in the southern department as a valuable officer, when I was appointed naval officer he was recommended to me as a deputy by Colonel Carrington and I found him fully equal to my expectation—he would not wish to surplant Major Lindsay but as there are to be a Naval officer & Collector of the District he solicits the one which Major Lindsay may not obtain.” [viii]
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To George Washington from Daniel Bedinger, 20 May 1789
Norfolk [Va.] May 20th 1789 Sir My time having since the peace, been almost wholly employed in the Naval Office at this place, I humbly flatter myself, that I have acquired some little knowledge of the nature of the business and Duties of a Collector of the Customs. Should any such Office be created, I beg leave to present myself as an humble candidate. I do not mean to trouble your Excellency further on the subject by stating fully my humble pretentions, but for particulars respecting myself, beg leave to refer you to the honorable gentleman who will present this letter. I am with every sentiment of respect your Excellencys most Obedient and most humble servant. Daniel Bedinger |
In addition to Bedinger five others, including Major Lindsay, applied for the upcoming position of Collector. It would appear that Bedinger was the most qualified to be nominated to the post of Collector, he having been employed as second officer under Collector Josiah Parker. Bedinger had also held he position of Naval Officer. Many of the upper echelon positions at the Custom House under the Confederation had been filled by officers who had served in the American Revolution. President Washington seemed to have followed this precedent in nominating Major William Lindsay as Collector; Philemon Gatewood was appointed Naval Officer. Lieutenant Daniel Bedinger was appointed the third position as Surveyor. [v] It has been suggested that the Revolutionary hero's anti-Federalist leanings may have been a deciding factor in his nomination for the third slot at the Norfolk Navy Yard. [va] The nominations were approved by the Senate. Bedinger held the post until 1797; in addition, in March 1792 he was named inspector of the excise at Norfolk and Portsmouth. [vi]
William Lindsay, the Collector, died September 1, 1797 following a long illness. During William Lindsay's illness and after his death, Daniel Bedinger performed the duties of Collector and carried on duties at the customs house. Daniel Bedinger rightfully aspired to be nominated as Collector, under the forthcoming administration of President John Adams, being imminently qualified and having fulfilled the duties of collector during Lindsay’s long illness. However, in consequence of it having been suggested to Bedinger by a member of Congress, namely Mr. Parker, that Bedinger’s political Creed [ix] was considered by the administration of President John Adams as an insuperable bar to everything like promotion in the Custom house.[x] Thus, believing it futile to apply for the position of Collector under President Adams, Daniel Bedinger resigned his positions as Surveyor and Inspector of Revenue for the Port of Norfolk with the U. S. Custom Service. Disappointed at his chance of advancement at Norfolk, Daniel saw no reason to stay there indefinitely. during the past several years he had added round $11,000 to his means, and so needed no more "for happiness." Why should he not spend the rest of his days quietly like a philosopher, especially as he had had a "stormy" life of it up to that point?" [Here quoting from Alexandra Lee Levin.] [xii]
President Adams nominated Otway Bird Collector of the Port of Norfolk. The position of Collector again became vacant with the death of Otway Bird September 2, 1800. From Shepherdstown, hearing news of the vacancy, Daniel Bedinger placed his name in consideration for Collector before to Pres. John Adams, stating “…from many circumstances which have lately transpired, I am inclined to think that my information [regarding his political creed being a bar to his being appointed Collector] was incorrect—and that the said suggestion conveys an improper reflexion upon those to whom it belongs to appoint to office. I therefore again beg leave to present myself as a candidate for the Office of Collector for the District of Norfolk & Portsmouth, which Office I understand is now vacant.” [x]
Daniel Bedinger was not one to recant or dilute his publicly expressed beliefs and conclusions on political subjects. He added in his letter to President Adams, “But that there may be no mistake with respect to my Politics, permit me Sir to observe that at all times when matters of general concern to the United States were pending I thought for myself, but at the same time I endeavoured to form honest opinions. Truth was ever the object of my researches, and if it has sometimes happened that I was bewildered in the pursuit or may not have gone with the Current of other mens opinions—such conduct I hope will not be imputed to me as a Crime. I thought I was right & acted accordingly. In short Sir, I certainly am a Democrat, and prize my rights as a free Citizen above all other considerations. I can however declare with the greatest truth that my political opinions never gave an improper bias to my official conduct, or caused me for a moment to forget my duty—or the real interests of that country, to the service of which the choisest days of my life have been most faithfully devoted.”[x]
Daniel Bedinger was not one to recant or dilute his publicly expressed beliefs and conclusions on political subjects. He added in his letter to President Adams, “But that there may be no mistake with respect to my Politics, permit me Sir to observe that at all times when matters of general concern to the United States were pending I thought for myself, but at the same time I endeavoured to form honest opinions. Truth was ever the object of my researches, and if it has sometimes happened that I was bewildered in the pursuit or may not have gone with the Current of other mens opinions—such conduct I hope will not be imputed to me as a Crime. I thought I was right & acted accordingly. In short Sir, I certainly am a Democrat, and prize my rights as a free Citizen above all other considerations. I can however declare with the greatest truth that my political opinions never gave an improper bias to my official conduct, or caused me for a moment to forget my duty—or the real interests of that country, to the service of which the choisest days of my life have been most faithfully devoted.”[x]
President Adam’s rejoinder to Bedinger’s application is found in a letter of the President to Oliver Wolcott, Jr. dated October 4, 1800, in which he states, “I Suppose the Letter comes too late but that if it had arrived earlier it would have made no Alteration in your Judgment or mine.” [Meaning Daniel Bedinger would not have received the position on any account.] The President continues, that no person has “… ever had authority from me to say a Man’s political Creed, would be an insuperable Bar to promotion.” He concedes that President Washington was more liberal in appointments, “Washington appointed a multitude of Democrats and Jacobins of deepest die. I have been more cautious in this respect…” [xi]
It was natural that Daniel felt slighted. He had served nearly thirteen years in the Custom House and was the oldest officer in that line in Virginia. He had always tried to behave in such a manner as to retain the good opinion of his fellow citizens without forfeiting the esteem of men in superior official positions. Yet none of these considerations carried weight because Mr. Adams thought it expedient to select a person of his own political leanings.
Beyond the Norfolk Customhouse
While working in Norfolk Daniel made regular trips to Shepherdstown. In 1790 he built a three-story brick building butted against what would become the Entler Hotel, now the Historic Shepherdstown Museum. Daniel then owned all of the Entler Hotel Property. James Brown leased the buildings from the Bedinger family and opened a store in the corner of the first floor of the building. Then the Globe tavern started operations in the museum building, operating a dining room and offering overnight accommodations. Town elections and town council meetings were held at the tavern for years. Daniel Bedinger sold the hotel property to James Brown and Edward Lucas for $6,000 in 1815.
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During his regular trips to Shepherdstown, Daniel Bedinger became acquainted with Sarah Rutherford the daughter of Robert "Robin" Rutherford, who led a militia group to defend Shepherdstown against Indian raids during the French and Indian War. Daniel and Sarah were married at the home of Robert Rutherford, “Flowing Springs”, near Charles Town in April 1791. While making their home in Norfolk, the family customarily left Norfolk during the sultry days of summer to the better climate of Shepherdstown where they purchased a fine home on East German and Princess Streets. It was here they lived before they returned from Norfolk.
Daniel found during his tenure in the Customs House that the growing economy in Norfolk and government politics offered many opportunities beyond his performance of his official duties. He availed himself of opportunities to exercise his business acumen and leadership and to keep abreast of the news and political controversies of the new nation. He became a director of the Great Dismal Swamp Canal Company and he was a co-founder and stock holder of a bank in Norfolk. His great interest in literature and books was undoubtedly the impetus for him to establish a book store in Norfolk. .
The Great Dismal Swamp
The Great Dismal Swamp in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Virginia had long been a subject of interest to Colonists some of whom saw nothing of value in the thousands of acres of impenetrable swamp. In contrast, those such as George Washington envisaged immense wealth to be gained from draining the swamp, reclaiming valuable farm land, and harvesting trees for lumber, shingles and ship masts. George Washington and eleven other men each received grants of thousands of acres, pooled their resources and organized the Dismal Swamp Company in 1763.[xiii] Washington was appointed one of three managers responsible for securing title, surveying, assembling a labor force of sixty slaves, and making the operation self-sustaining and profitable. He visited the swamp at least six times during the next decade. During the 1760s and 70s, slaves dug ditches and produced shingles from the swamp's cedar trees, but the Company failed either to drain the swamp or to grow hemp for export. The War for Independence diverted much of the partners' attention, and by 1784 it had been nine years since Washington had "heard a tittle from the company."
In the 1790s the company abandoned plans to drain the swamp and planned for a canal through the Dismal Swamp to connect link the Chesapeake Bay and Albemarle Sound. The Dismal Swamp Canal Company was formed and the company began digging in 1793. Daniel Bedinger invested in the Dismal Swamp Canal Company and became one of the original Directors of the company in 1792. [xxviia] [xxviib] The canal was dug completely by hand; most of the labor was done by slaves hired from nearby landowners. It took approximately 12 years of back-breaking construction under highly unfavorable conditions to complete the 22-mile long waterway, which opened in 1805. It is the oldest continually operating man-made canal in the United States. It is today a part of the Intracoastal Waterway, an inland route, which parallels the east coast and offers boaters shelter from New Jersey to Brownsville, Texas. The company turned a profit in 1814 from lumbering and was reincorporated as the Dismal Swamp Land Company.[xxviic] |
And Then There Was Politics
In Norfolk, a center of trading with France and England, Bedinger was intensely interested in the developing conflict between these nations and the political maneuvering of trading interests in the states. France and England came to war in 1793 and most Americans sided with either Britain or France. The country became politically divided between two camps, the Federalists and the Republicans. The Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton wanted a strong centralized government. Many merchants and ship owners of the northeast were fearful of losing trade with England and sided with the Federalists. The Republicans, also called Jeffersonian Republicans, were fervent believers in many of the policies of today’s Democratic Party. They were resolved to defend individual liberty and were led by Thomas Jefferson, a man distrustful of oppressive central power and skeptical of high finance. Daniel Bedinger was an ardent Jeffersonian Republican and sent letters to his brother Henry filled with his partisan political comment. Henry Bedinger in writing to George Michael expressed the view that Daniel had a keen and discerning mind but was prone to express himself in radical terms. Henry Bedinger nevertheless recognized the power of Daniel's pen. When Daniel Morgan was contesting Robert Rutherford for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, Henry Bedinger was incensed at the actions of Morgan and considered him a "vindictive scoundrel". Henry begged his brother Daniel to compose a stinging letter in opposition to Daniel Morgan.[xvii] Daniel Bedinger wrote numerous political articles published in periodicals and newspapers of the day. As was the custom of he day, most of his articles were published without authorship or over pen names such as "Virginian" or "Censor".
Daniel was particularly troubled by the terms of the Jay Treaty negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay with Britain and favored by President George Washington. Daniel feared the treaty in effect made the U. S. a party to war against the French. Daniel’s letter of 15 November 1795 to his brother Henry was particularly venomous and caustic in his verbal treatment of George Washington, referring sarcastically to America’s prospects of embroilment in the English–French war “…thanks to the unparalleled wisdom and virtue of George Washington, God bless him! And that he may long govern us without control [and] ride like any other monarch in his coach drawn by six horses…”[xviii]
Daniel was particularly troubled by the terms of the Jay Treaty negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay with Britain and favored by President George Washington. Daniel feared the treaty in effect made the U. S. a party to war against the French. Daniel’s letter of 15 November 1795 to his brother Henry was particularly venomous and caustic in his verbal treatment of George Washington, referring sarcastically to America’s prospects of embroilment in the English–French war “…thanks to the unparalleled wisdom and virtue of George Washington, God bless him! And that he may long govern us without control [and] ride like any other monarch in his coach drawn by six horses…”[xviii]
Veritas
France declared war on Great Britain and Holland on February 1, 1793. President Washington and his close adviser Alexander Hamilton fearing that the new nation was too young and its military too small to resist any sort of a military engagement with either France of England. Without consulting with or providing an opportunity for the Congress to take part, President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality.[xviiia] The proclamation threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war. While some Americans opposed the neutrality policies of the administration, others did not, and President Washington received numerous letters of support from municipal and civic organizations in the maritime states. At the same time, an anonymous writer using the pseudonym "Veritas" strongly criticized the president and the neutrality proclamation in three letters published in the National Gazette, Philadelphia newspapers between 1 and 12 of June, 1793.[xviiib], [xviiic], [xviiid] There was much speculation on the authorship of the anonymously published letters. Jefferson, a Francophile and hater of Britain, was supposed by Genet, the French minister to the U. S., to have written he letters. Jefferson firmly denied that he had written them. Jefferson himself suspected the letters were a Federalist conspiracy to turn the public opinion against supporters of France. He privately accused a clerk at Hamilton’s Treasury Department.
As speculation swirled as to the identity of “Veritas”, Mr. Fitzsimmons, a member of the House of Representatives, had declared that Mr. Daniel Bedinger of Norfolk was the author of the letters under the signature of “Veritas”. Daniel Bedinger, holding the government appointive post of Surveyor at the Custom House, Port of Norfolk, had reason to believe that the story was invented to “injure” him politically. Learning of this accusation, Robert Rutherford, then a member of the House of Representatives and father-in-law of Daniel Bedinger, penned a letter to the President, George Washington. Although Rutherford, himself a Jeffersonian Republian, was not of the same political leaning as the President, Rutherford had long been a personal friend of Washington and was not reticent about addressing him directly. Rutherford related to Washington that he went directly to the Representative, Mr. Fitzsimmons, confronting him directly with the accusation, whereupon Mr. Fitzsimmons denied he had made such a statement and provided a signed statement to that effect to Representative Rutherford. Mr. Fitzsimmons statement was duly forwarded to President Washington. [xviiie], [xviiif]
As speculation swirled as to the identity of “Veritas”, Mr. Fitzsimmons, a member of the House of Representatives, had declared that Mr. Daniel Bedinger of Norfolk was the author of the letters under the signature of “Veritas”. Daniel Bedinger, holding the government appointive post of Surveyor at the Custom House, Port of Norfolk, had reason to believe that the story was invented to “injure” him politically. Learning of this accusation, Robert Rutherford, then a member of the House of Representatives and father-in-law of Daniel Bedinger, penned a letter to the President, George Washington. Although Rutherford, himself a Jeffersonian Republian, was not of the same political leaning as the President, Rutherford had long been a personal friend of Washington and was not reticent about addressing him directly. Rutherford related to Washington that he went directly to the Representative, Mr. Fitzsimmons, confronting him directly with the accusation, whereupon Mr. Fitzsimmons denied he had made such a statement and provided a signed statement to that effect to Representative Rutherford. Mr. Fitzsimmons statement was duly forwarded to President Washington. [xviiie], [xviiif]
When George Washington decided not to run for a third term as president and retired to his country plantation at Mount Vernon, Daniel Bedinger hoped that a Jeffersonian Republican would be elected President but was sorely disappointed when John Adams, a Federalist, was elected. During Adams’ administration, Daniel frequently referred to “King John” in letters when speaking of positions and acts of President Adams with which he disagreed. When the position of Collector of the Port of Norfolk became open, Daniel felt he, with thirteen years’ experience and as the senior officer of the port, should be entitled to gain the position. Daniel felt slighted when Col. Otway Byrd was commissioned as Collector by President Adams “to prop up a great family much on the decay and by that method keep up distinctions as much as possible”.
Return to Shepherdstown
Daniel felt it best to return to Shepherdstown. July 24, 1798, Daniel's younger brother Solomon Bedinger wrote to Henry from Norfolk: “Brother Daniel and family sailed from here with a fair wind on Saturday last. I hope by this time they are near Alexandria…and will be safe with you by the time this comes to hand”. Daniel, with his wife Sarah and family settled in Shepherdstown in his fine old house on East German and South Princess streets. By the summer of 1799 he acquired the property where his father had built the first Bedinger home near Shepherdstown. There, Daniel began to build a fine mansion: it was to be called “Bedford”, from the first three letters of his name and the last four letters of his wife’s name.
The election of 1800 afforded the opportunity for Daniel to support a Republican, Thomas Jefferson, for president, and his running mate, Aaron Burr for vice-president were running against the Federalist ticket of John Adams, for president, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, for vice president of the United States." Ironically, during the election summer of 1800, General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and his wife were tenants of Daniel Bedinger in his house in Shepherdstown, while Daniel Bedinger and his family were comfortably ensconced in their new home, "Bedford".
Daniel wrote his brother Michael that in his opinion the prospects for having a Republican elected President were brighter than at any time since the adoption of the Constitution. The Federalists were fighting among themselves, and people resented having the taxes they had imposed to support the up-building of a strong army and navy. Daniel not only predicted the highest office would soon be filled Jefferson, by a man who would aim to preserve the Constitution, he also devoted his energy and his great writing talent as best he could, to achieve that goal by writing and distributing literature to persuade his fellow citizens of the virtues of Jefferson and to counter the falsehoods propagated by the Federalists. [xviiig] Daniel Bedinger's written endorsement of Jefferson, a 30 page book entitled, "Interesting Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend Concerning the Ensuing Election for President and Vice President of the United States, 1800", was published and widely circulated. |
Berkely, August 25th, 1800
My Dear Sir, ... the enemies of Jefferson...have for some time, been ...circulating...[false statements] for the purpose of influencing [votes] at the ...election of a [president] ...of the union..." They have strived to misinterpret and misrepresent every action of that truly, virtuous, patriotic man [Thomas Jefferson]– I therefore think it proper, that they should behold facts, as they really exist... |
The election exposed one of the flaws in the original Constitution of the United States. Members of the Electoral College were authorized by the original Constitution to vote for two names for President. The candidate with the most electoral votes would become President and the candidate with the second most would become Vice President. The Democratic-Republicans had planned for one of the electors to abstain from casting his second vote for Aaron Burr, which would have led to Jefferson receiving one electoral vote more than Burr, making Jefferson President and Burr Vice President. The plan, however, was mishandled.
Each elector who voted for Jefferson also voted for Burr, resulting in a tied electoral vote. John Adams received 65 votes while Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, tied with 73 votes apiece. The election was then put into the hands of the outgoing House of Representatives where a stubborn and turbulent contest ensued. The delegation of twelve from Shepherdstown included the brothers Daniel and Henry Bedinger. On February 17, Burr's supporters gave up and Jefferson was duly elected president. Henry was convinced that between the 11th and the 17th the nation had trembled on the brink of an anarchic abyss. "I am more confirmed than ever, " he wrote George Michael, "that it was seriously intended by a desperate party in Congress to place a usurper in the Presidential Chair, to seize all power of he government, and to erect a monarchy on the ruins of a Republican government!"
Navy Agent at Norfolk
Construction of Daniel Bedinger's new home, "Bedford", was progressing well. The family had moved in and it was a beginning to have a settled look when Daniel received an important message from U. S. Congressman William B. Giles of Virginia, stating that the office of the U. S. Navy Agent at Norfolk was vacant and that there was every reason to believe that the acceptance of the position would be at Daniel's "option". Daniel immediately journeyed to the capitol where he and Mr. Giles went to see Navy Secretary Robert Smith. The position of Navy Agent at Norfolk was a difficult decision for Daniel. He was happily settled at Bedford and Shepherdstown was a pleasant part of the country in which to raise a family. He was well off financially and occupied a position in society sufficient to satisfy his ambition. Yet, he accepted Secretary Smith's offer of appointment as Navy Agent at Gosport and assumed command of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard at Gosport, Virginia under President Thomas Jefferson and served in that capacity from 20 April 1802 until 10 February 1808.[xix], [xx]
In Norfolk, Virginia, the home of some of the most cultured gentlemen of the day, he lived in ease and prosperity. As commander of the shipyard he constructed the wall and government buildings still in use.
Few records found of activities during Bedinger's tenure as navy-agent and superintendent of the navy-yard. The following are found in [xxi] Norfolk Navy Yard, Birth of the Gosport yard & into the 19th Century, by Marcus W. Robbins and [xxii] Edward P. Lull, 1974, History of the United States Navy-Yard at Gosport, Virginia (near Norfolk), for the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department.
In April, 1803, $10,000 were sent to Mr. Bedinger to build a warehouse and a timber-shed at Gosport. Mr. Bedinger built, in addition to a timber shed, a brick wall, beginning a short distance from the water-side, running along the north front of the yard, and down the west side to the creek which formed the southern boundary, and part of which forms the present timber-basin and a brick dwelling-house for himself within the yard, and which was afterward, for many years, used as the commandant's house.
August 6, 1804, an order was sent to Mr. Bedinger detaching the marine-guard from the navy-yard and ordering it to Washington. In May, 1805, Bedinger was ordered to repair the wharves for which $42,748.78 was expended. In July, 1807, Mr. Bedinger was ordered to contract for materials for ten additional gunboats, and, a little later, to contract for building the same. February 10,1808, Bedinger's appointment was revoked, and Theodore Armistead appointed in his place as navy-agent and superintendent of the navy-yard. Complaints lodged against Bedinger for having used the public wharves and property in repairing his own vessels, though whether these charges were substantiated does not appear. |
These few records in the official files belie the fact that there was much activity at the Gosport Navy Yard. Across the Elizabeth River Norfolk was bustling and growing at a prodigious rate. Daniel found the wharves at Gosport Navy Yard crowded with ships being built, repaired and being supplied for embarkation. The Navy at Gosport had stores of timber and supplies for repair and building of ships which Daniel was obliged to purchase and keep in inventory. U. S. ships were built and outfitted for action in the Barbary War where North African sates were attacking and hindering U. S. commercial ships.
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Bedinger engaged ships to carry supplies to the U. S. ships patrolling the Mediterranean where the Barbary pirates were disrupting shipping of American vessels. In the spring of 1803, across the Atlantic Britain and France were at it again. In their fight with each other, both nations ceased respecting the laws, human rights and property of neutral nations. Many American ships were seized by the British and French. American commerce dwindled to the domestic coast. President Jefferson had a fleet of small gunboats built to defend the American coast. The U. S. Frigate Chesapeake heading for North Africa out of Gosport was attacked and captured off Hampton roads by the British sloop-of-war Halifax. The Chesapeake was searched for British deserters. The Chesapeake limped ignominiously back into Gosport for repairs, estimated a $4,000. War with Britain was gravely anticipated.
Planned Excursion to Florida
In 1806, while commander of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Daniel Bedinger laid plans to embark on an expedition to explore the interior of the Florida peninsula. In a letter to Thomas Newton of the Department of the Navy, Bedinger pointed out hat the interior of the peninsula is virtually unknown with regard to its natural resources and suitability for agricultural development. He proposed that, if he were granted a leave of absence from his post at Norfolk, he would in the company of a selected group of individuals and at his own expense undertake the expedition. Daniel Bedinger's request was answered by Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy, who was agreeable to granting Bedinger leave. Then, in mid-January 1807 Daniel Bedinger writes the Secretary that because of political affairs to the westward and several other mighty reasons, the expedition to Florida must be postponed until times become more favorable, at which time he would renew his application for leave. It turns out that the political affairs to the west involved the apprehension of Aaron Burr and his conveyance under guard back to the nation's capitol. [xxiii], [xxiv], [xxv], [xxvi]
Daniel Bedinger's plan for his Florida excursion was outlined in some detail in a letter to President Thomas Jefferson in a letter dated October 19th, 1807.[xxvii]
Thomas Jefferson Esq.
President of the United States Sir About twelve months ago communicated a wish to Mr. Newton, of visiting East Florida; as far the enclosed paper No. 1. Mr. Newton’s friendly attention to the subject produced a letter from the Secretary of the Navy to me, of which No. 2 is a copy. My answer to the Secretary is marked as No. 3. And finally the ____ of A. Burr & other considerations induced me to decline making the excursion last winter, as will be seen ___ No. 4. But I have never abandoned the idea of visiting that country and would ____ wish to renew my application to the Secretary for permission to absent myself from this place long enough to go to explore the interior country near the Southern extremity of the peninsula. I hope to be pardoned for troubling you with the enclosed papers; but they will explain my objects & intentions. The respect too, which is due to the chief Magistrate of our country, induces me to make this communication -- and to await your commands should you have any. It is my wish (if we are not engaged in actual hostilities with Great Britain) to leave this place about the middle or last of next month with a few friends, in a small schooner, and to proceed directly to St. Augustine, where I shall frankly communicate to the government my wishes, & salient permission to look at the country. If it is granted we shall endeavor to ascend the river St. John to its sources in a small boat. Or we shall go coast-wise to the South_____, as we may be advised by those who are best acquainted with the country. But, if our request can not be granted, we shall probably take our departure for New Providence, where we may engage a pilot -- and then clear out for New Orleans. Our pilot will run us over to the Florida coast and in the neighborhood of key Biscain’s our vessel with wood & water. Whilst this is this is doing we shall have time sufficient to land upon the main and to penetrate as far into the country as we may think proper. I have the best reasons to believe that this part of the coast is entirely without inhabitants either white or aboriginals. An intelligent friend of mine was wrecked here in March last (in latitude 26.30) and remained (with his crew) for more than four weeks in the country. He saw no trace of any human beings until he was rescued by a certain New Providence______. He gives a most flattering account of the fertility of the soil & the purity of the waters at a short distance from the sea and describes the country as abounding with Bear, Deer, Turkies & wild fowl of almost every description. Indeed his account of the country has greatly influenced my desire to see it. ‘Tho I wish to make my principal researches at least one degree of latitude to the Southward of the place where he was cast on shore. I have been tedious; but my desire to be rightly understood has led me to to it. With much respect I am Sir Your most obedient Hl.[Humble] Svt.[Servant] Daniel Bedinger P. S. By the present Mail I have written to the Secretary of the Navy on the Subject. D. B. |
Daniel Bedinger's plan to explore the interior of Florida never took place. Two circumstances, both of which, if developments had been adverse, could have had national security implications and required critical action at the Gosport Naval Yard. One circumstance was the threat of war with Britain and the uneasiness of the international situation with the warring nations continuing to insult and rob Americans on the high seas, conditions that would make a coast-wise voyage hazardous. Another was the unexpected movements of Aaron Burr. President Jefferson had received exaggerated reports from General Wilkinson and governor of Louisiana Territory about How Burr,was readying a large military force for an invasion of Mexico. We find reference to Daniel's plan to explore Florida in a letter by his brother Henry to George Michael Bedinger, June 2, 1812. "D. B. is not fond of Florida tho he was unable to explore it. He has advertised all his property for sale here, but expect nobody will purchase it unless he makes great sacrifices".[xxviii]
Relations between Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith and Navy Agent Daniel Bedinger had become strained. Bedinger had sent Navy Secretary Smith private letter in which he criticized the policies of the Navy Department. International pressures and funding difficulties of the Navy Department caused conflicts and imperious demands by Secretary Smith exacerbated the tensions between the two men.
Daniel Bedinger was abruptly and unceremoniously informed by Navy Secretary Robert Smith by letter dated February 10, 1808 that his appointment as Navy Agent of the Gosport Navy yard was terminated. Two weeks after his appointment was revoked he was elected a director of the Bank of Norfolk. He was greatly respected gentleman in the community, and he and Sarah had made many good friends. [xxixa]
Daniel Bedinger was abruptly and unceremoniously informed by Navy Secretary Robert Smith by letter dated February 10, 1808 that his appointment as Navy Agent of the Gosport Navy yard was terminated. Two weeks after his appointment was revoked he was elected a director of the Bank of Norfolk. He was greatly respected gentleman in the community, and he and Sarah had made many good friends. [xxixa]
The Gentleman Chooses an "Unleisurely" Retirement
Daniel Bedinger and family once again removed from the Norfolk area in the late spring of 1808 to their home estate, "Bedford" near Shepherdstown, Virginia. Being well off financially, he could well have assumed the leisurely life of a country gentleman. However, "leisure" was farthest from Daniel Bedinger's priorities.
In September 1809, Daniel journeyed to Ohio and Kentucky to settle the estate of his late father-in-law, Robert Rutherford, whose western lands had to be sold for taxes. While in Kentucky Daniel visited his brother George Michael at Lower Blue Licks. Years later George Michael's son Benjamin Franklin recalled how his uncle Daniel had been then: "He was joyous and witty, and the delight of every company." [xxixb], [xxixc]
In September 1809, Daniel journeyed to Ohio and Kentucky to settle the estate of his late father-in-law, Robert Rutherford, whose western lands had to be sold for taxes. While in Kentucky Daniel visited his brother George Michael at Lower Blue Licks. Years later George Michael's son Benjamin Franklin recalled how his uncle Daniel had been then: "He was joyous and witty, and the delight of every company." [xxixb], [xxixc]
Down the Mississippi to the Gulph of Mexico
His trip to Ohio and Kentucky may have spurred his interest in further exploring the new and growing frontiers of the country. In the winter of 1811, Daniel set forth on an adventure with his physician son-in-law to visit the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, New Orleans and the southern Indian Territories of Alabama and Georgia. While on this journey he and Dr. Foster encountered the first steam powered river boat, they were near the epicenter of the largest historic earthquake in North America, they visited friends in New Orleans in the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase, they met partners in the John Forbes & Company, of Pensacola and Mobile which conducted extensive trading with Indians in Alabama, Georgia and Florida, they returned by the newly constructed Federal road which would soon convey U. S. soldiers through Indian country to the fight the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Daniel Bedinger kept a daily journal of his trip by boat to New Orleans and return by horseback which can be read on this website.
- Early in the morning of December 16, 1811 Daniel was rudely awakened by an alarming and unusual noise, attended by violent trembling and shaking of the vessel he was on. He and his son-in-law, Dr. Seth Foster, soon realized that the cause was no other than the violent shock of an earthquake which lasted, without interruption for about 40 seconds. Immediately after which their boat rolled considerably, though there was no wind. Daniel and his son-in-law were three days down river from the mouth of the Ohio River on the Louisville, a barge headed down the Mississippi River for New Orleans. The initial large shock was followed by aftershocks some almost as large as the first; aftershocks were felt for several months afterward.[xxix]
The New Madrid Earthquake
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Large tracts of land subsided with only the tops of the trees visible, Reelfoot Lake was formed, sand boiled up at points on the alluvial plain, water shot up from the river in spouts, the river’s course was changed in some stretches and banks caved along the river. The quake was felt as far away as Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Norfolk, Virginia. The shaking reportedly rang church bells in Boston, Massachusetts. This was indeed a huge earthquake, known today as the New Madrid earthquake; being of magnitude 8, it was the largest quake in recorded history in eastern North America.
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Joseph and Mary Love, settlers in western Tennessee, were rudely awakened when their log cabin was jolted by the tremor. John recorded the events and the following earth quakes in the family bible: "On the Fifteenth night of the morning of the sixteenth day of December 1811 the inundation or Earthquake began between the hour of one and two o'clock and lasted in shocks perceivable five days and continued till the second day of February a tremor of earth the fourth in the evening a terrifying shock the fifth morning very perceivable the sixth in the night and day on the seventh day Five shocks terryfying on the seventh with many tremors discernable the eight night perceivable." [xxx]
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Daniel was on the Mississippi River as part of a journey to improve his health. Daniel’s health had never fully recovered from his war-time imprisonment. On October 31, 1811 Daniel, accompanied by his physician son-in-law, had set out from Shepherdstown in search of better health. Their destination was New Orleans and the “Gulph of Mexico”, as Daniel recorded in his daily log of the journey.[xvii] When they found themselves near the epicenter of the huge earthquake, they had traveled by jolting stagecoach from Boonsboro, Maryland to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; where Daniel purchased a boat and stocked it with provisions. After hiring two men to maneuver the craft, they had floated down the Ohio River with a brief stop at Cincinnati, Ohio. Below Cincinnati they encountered the New Orleans a rear paddle-wheel steamboat on its historic maiden voyage. The steamboat was built on the design of Robert Fulton and was the first steamboat to be built and to navigate waters west of the Allegheny Mountains. It was bound for New Orleans and Daniel and the Doctor were to encounter it several times on their trip downriver. Continuing their journey, Daniel and the crew of the flat boat ran the rapids at the “Falls of the Ohio”, below Louisville, Kentucky. Below the falls, they tied up at Shippingport; paid off the crew and arranged with Captain Joel Craig for passage to New Orleans aboard the Louisville, a large commercial barge with a cabin at the stern and shelter for the crew. The large boat would be better able to navigate the deeper swirling waters, snags and shoals of the mighty Mississippi River.
Daniel faithfully jotted in his journal the major events of each day along with the temperature, devoting much detail to the earthquake and its aftermath. On Christmas day, with the temperature 26 degrees Fahrenheit at daybreak, near the mouth of the White River, Arkansas, an Indian with his wife and child came alongside the barge in a canoe. Daniel purchased from him some venison. December 26th Daniel noted the red waters from the mouth of the Arkansas River mingling with the muddy Mississippi. On the 8th of January, a cloudy morning, as they rounded a bend, Daniel wrote, we “...were in sight of Baton Rouge, a high fine situation. The country opposite beautiful beyond description, at least in the eyes of those who had lately been accustomed to Earthquake and other dreary scenes.” In Baton Rouge, Daniel and the Doctor looked up a friend, Lieutenant Henshaw, from Shepherdstown, who was stationed there. Detained the morning of the next day, they “weighed anchor at one p.m. A snow storm with bitter wind. Snow – Snow – Snow.”
“January 12th, clear and cold. Wind North, in the morning — in the afternoon mild. Passed many beautiful country homes and sugar plantations today and soon after sunset anchored off the suburb of St. Marys – City of New Orleans.” They looked up their friend Rezin D. Shepherd a successful merchant in New Orleans and grandson of the founder of Shepherdstown[xxxi]. Less than a month later, their visit to New Orleans ended; they gained passage on Captain Cadet’s schooner Rose in Bloom to Mobile, Alabama. Mobile was under the Spanish flag and the passengers had to remain on board overnight until permission was granted for the passengers to disembark. Had they tried to engage passage to Mobile a few months later they would have been unsuccessful. The British gunboats and frigates blocked the mouths of the Mississippi and cruised the Bay of Mobile, a part of the prelude to the arrival of the British fleet in November of 1814 and the Battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
Daniel faithfully jotted in his journal the major events of each day along with the temperature, devoting much detail to the earthquake and its aftermath. On Christmas day, with the temperature 26 degrees Fahrenheit at daybreak, near the mouth of the White River, Arkansas, an Indian with his wife and child came alongside the barge in a canoe. Daniel purchased from him some venison. December 26th Daniel noted the red waters from the mouth of the Arkansas River mingling with the muddy Mississippi. On the 8th of January, a cloudy morning, as they rounded a bend, Daniel wrote, we “...were in sight of Baton Rouge, a high fine situation. The country opposite beautiful beyond description, at least in the eyes of those who had lately been accustomed to Earthquake and other dreary scenes.” In Baton Rouge, Daniel and the Doctor looked up a friend, Lieutenant Henshaw, from Shepherdstown, who was stationed there. Detained the morning of the next day, they “weighed anchor at one p.m. A snow storm with bitter wind. Snow – Snow – Snow.”
“January 12th, clear and cold. Wind North, in the morning — in the afternoon mild. Passed many beautiful country homes and sugar plantations today and soon after sunset anchored off the suburb of St. Marys – City of New Orleans.” They looked up their friend Rezin D. Shepherd a successful merchant in New Orleans and grandson of the founder of Shepherdstown[xxxi]. Less than a month later, their visit to New Orleans ended; they gained passage on Captain Cadet’s schooner Rose in Bloom to Mobile, Alabama. Mobile was under the Spanish flag and the passengers had to remain on board overnight until permission was granted for the passengers to disembark. Had they tried to engage passage to Mobile a few months later they would have been unsuccessful. The British gunboats and frigates blocked the mouths of the Mississippi and cruised the Bay of Mobile, a part of the prelude to the arrival of the British fleet in November of 1814 and the Battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
Cossack Celebration
Daniel was a poet and a writer. He accumulated and absorbed many great books and wrote much for the periodicals of the day. He had a large library which contained all the English poets, histories, and standard works of of he best and most noted authors. He was a great reader and student, with intellect far above the ordinary type. In every sense of the the word he was a cultivated, refined Virginia gentleman, genial, kind,and witty, with a high and delicate sense of honor. As to the relation of husband, son, father, and friend he was surpassed by none." [xxxii]
Daniel's best known poetic work, "The Cossack Celebration" is an acclaimed political satire expressing his outrage at the Federalists' unpatriotic actions during the War of 1812. The war was called “President Madison’s war” by the Federalists whose commercial interests were suffering because of the war with Britain. Britain, allied with Russia, was also in war with France led by Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1812 at the height of his power, Napoleon invaded deeply into Russia wining many battles, but suffered losses, from unconventional attacks from such as the light Cossack cavalry and were unable to sufficiently replenish troops or supplies. Napoleon's army continued advance reaching Moscow to find the city deserted. Yet, the Russians failed to capitulate; peace talks attempted by Napoleon failed. Napoleon finding his army greatly depleted and poorly supplied, began a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Upon Napoleon's defeat in Russia, several European nations joined as allies with Britain and re-entered the war. Napoleon re-created his army and fought on, until the invasion of Paris by the allies in 30 March 1814. Ostensibly in jubilation over the defeat of Napoleon and return of the Bourbon monarchy, the Federalists held a celebration in Shepherdstown. Daniel Bedinger recognized the celebration as a pretext to "embarrass the government"' and "drive James Madison from the helm of state". To expose the true purpose of the celebration Daniel Bedinger composed a series of articles published in the newspaper, The Farmer's Repository of Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia). The authorship of Daniel Bedinger's writings were not shown nor were they titled when published in the Farmers Repository. Daniel Bedinger published in October 1814 a second edition of the poem under the title "The Cossack Celebration" with explanatory notes. "The Cossack Celebration" parodied the "moral and political depravity, and hold up to public scorn and impotency the advocates of Royalty among us". Daniel's grandson, John Thornton Washington wrote, the Cossack Celebration "attracted a wide notoriety; and a disposition to limit or suppress its publication was manifested in consequence of allusions therein of a personal character supposed to be intended to reflect upon certain prominent families who were not credited with having been truly loyal" to the nation's War of 1812 with Britain. [xxxii]
Daniel Bedinger, not only a cultured and well-read man of many talents, but also held an innate curiosity and adventurous spirit and a proclivity for commercial ventures. He was an inveterate traveler and explorer, though he suffered all his life from the effects of his imprisonment in the dreaded English prison ships and abandoned factories in New York during the Revolution. When he traveled to inspect his military land grant properties in Ohio and Kentucky he frequently was accompanied by his personal physician, Dr. Seth Bellfied Foster, who was also his son-in-law, having married his oldest daughter Margaret. Dr. Foster was born in Dinwiddie Co., Virginia 5th December 1786. His parents moved to Norfolk where his father at one time was mayor of that city. Daniel Bedinger was on the board of Alderman of the City of Norfolk. Dr.Foster practiced medicine many years in Shepherdstown and was well-liked and respected.
Daniel Bedinger, the dearly beloved younger brother died many years before his older brothers Henry and George Michael Bedinger. After removing from Norfolk he lived on his estate, "Bedford", near Shepherdstown, the home of hospitality. No man in the neighborhood was more loved and respected. His earnest patriotism made him some enemies, and his poem, "The Cossack Celebration", is still remembered by many as one of the strongest examples of a satirical writing ever produced in America. His health suffered during the war as a prisoner of the British on board a prison ship and in the old Sugar House Prison in New York. Although exchanged after about two months he never fully regained his health. He died in 1818 it is said from a persistent "disease of the lungs", presumably tuberculosis, leaving a widow and a large family.
The following tribute to Daniel Bedinger was published at his death in The Farmers' Repository, Charlestown, Virginia (now West Virginia), Wednesday, April 1, 1818.
"Died at his residence, near Shepherdstown, on the 17th ultimo, in the 58th year of his age, Daniel Bedinger, Esq. When those who have been distinguished by private or public virtues, descend to the tomb, something more seems to be required, not only as a tribute to departed worth, but as an incitement to emulation, than a simple record of the mournful event. In these respects few characters afford a better subject for an obituary notice than that of Mr. Bedinger. Impelled by the patriotic enthusiasm which animated the American bosom, he enlisted. in the service of his Country about the commencement of the Revolutionary War, and continued in it until her independence was established. His fidelity &, diligence in the discharge of the duties of his humbler stations raised him to distinction very honorable to him, considering the early age at which he commenced his career, and his entire destitution of patronage or other extrinsic aid.- Having now performed the duty to his country which he bad proposed to himself. his active mind was next turned towards obtaining some suitable employment which would enable him to live independently, and to make some provision for the succeeding stages of life; To his industry and economy in the pursuit of these objects, and the recompense of his military services, is chiefly owing. under Providenee, that competence which he has secured to a numerous family, and which be enjoyed with them for many years. Nor did he under the pressure of these necessary concerns, forget that those years of life which are usually devoted to academical attainments, had been spent amidst the din of arms. He accordingly did not neglect to cultivate the talents with which his Creator had endowed him; With that success, those who were acquainted with the accuracy of his thinking, the strength, perspicuity and correctness of his style of speaking and writing, will readily determine. He acquired, too, a fund of historical, geographical and general knowledge seldom possessed by those who have the advantages of an early and liberal education. This combined with the embellishments derived from polite reading, rendered his conversation always entertaining and frequently instructive.
Mr. Bedinger was a firm and zealous supporter of the republican cause. And on many occasions intrepidly opposed what he believed to be inimical to the free principles of our political creed and institutions. This may may have created him some enemies. Yet, by his irreproachable integrity, his punctuality in the fulfillment of his engagements, his candor, consistency, and the plain and easy dignity of his deportment, he gained the confidence and respect of all who knew him; by his hospitable and pleasing sociability, and the sincerity, warmth and generosity of his friendship, the esteem and gratitude of many.-- As a husband and father he was kind and affectionate; as a master, provident and humane.—His just views of the wisdom and goodness of the Supreme Being in the dispensation of his Providence, enabled him to bear a long and afflicting illness with becoming patience, and to bring his feelings under control of a perfect resignation to the Divine Will. Taking into view, then, the usefulness and propriety of the general course' of his life (but partially and imperfectly drawn in this brief sketch) his moderation under affliction; his tranquility in the hour of dissolution, and, above all, the goodness and mercy of God, we have abundant reason to trust that he left this vale of pain and sorrow for “another and a better world.” |
Sources:
[i] Quotation from a letter of Daniel Bedinger to George Michael Bedinger dated Feb.25, 1813 in Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For A Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 155
[ii] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For Brave America, The Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 157.
[iii] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For A Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 78.
[iv] Dandridge, Danske, draft manuscript of “Daniel and Old Shepherdstown” in Bedinger and Dandridge Family Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
[v] Ingrisano, Michael N., Jr., 1987, The First Officers of the United States Customs Service, Appointed by President George Washington in 1789, Department of the Treasury, U. S. Customs service, Customs Publication No. 578, July 1987,18p.
[va] Prince, Carl E., 1977, The Federalists and the Origins of the U. S. Civil Service, New York University Press, ,381 p. ,p. 107.
[vi] Executive Journal, 1797, 1:11, 14, 104, 111.
[vii] “To George Washington from Daniel Bedinger, 20 May 1789,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-02-02-0245
[viii] “To George Washington from Josiah Parker, 1 July 1789,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-03-02-0044.
[ix] Here we see that Daniel Bedinger’s penchant for freely expressing his political creed had struck discordant notes with that of the Federalist administration of Pres. John Adams.
[x] “To John Adams from Daniel Bedinger, 18 September 1800,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-4601.
[xi] “From John Adams to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 4 October 1800,” Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-4637.
[xii] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For Brave America, The Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 96-97.
[xiii] Royster, Charles, 1999, The Fabulous History of the Dismal Swamp Company: Vintage Books, New York, 622 p.
[xiv] Original Stockholders Dismal Swamp Canal, Tennessee Archives Library in Nashville, Tennessee.
[xv][ Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For A Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 88.
[xvi] Dismal Swamp Canal from: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Swamp_Canal
[xvii] Higginbotham, Don, 1979, Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman, University of North Carolina Press, 241 p., p. 204.
[xviii] Letter of Daniel Bedinger to Henry Bedinger Nov 15, 1795 in Bedinger and Dandridge Family Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
[xviiia] “Neutrality Proclamation, 22 April 1793, “Founders Online, national Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, Http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-12-02-0371.
[xviiib] “To George Washington from Veritas, 30 May 1793,”Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-12-02-0516. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 12,16 January 1793 – 31 May 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick and John C. Pinheiro. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005, pp. 647–649.]
[xviiic] “To George Washington from Veritas, 3 June 1793,”Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-13-02-0011. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 13,1 June–31 August 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007, pp. 17–19.]
[xviiid] “To George Washington from Veritas, 6 June 1793,”Founders Online, National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-13-02-0025. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 13,1 June–31 August 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007, pp. 34–37.
[xviiie] “To George Washington from Robert Rutherford, 7 April 1794,” Founders Online,National Archives, last modified July 12, 2016, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-15-02-0422. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 15,1 January–30 April 1794, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009, pp. 536–538.]
[xviiif] No one has yet discovered who “Veritas” really was. For a discussion of the search for the identity of “Veritas” see: Elkins, Stanley and McKitrick, Eric, 1993, The Age of Federalism, Oxford University Press, Hew York, 925 p., p. 821
[xviiig] Daniel Bedinger, from "My House Near Shepherd's Town," to Michael Bedinger, June 23, 1800 in Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For a Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 102-103.
[xix] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For a Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., pp. 103-105.
[xx] Gosport Navy Yard, variously called the Marine Yard at Gosport, Gosport Shipyard and Norfolk Naval Shipyard, is on a deep channel of the Elizabeth River with multiple harbors that were sheltered from storms. The Gosport Naval Yard is in the city of Portsmouth on the west side of the Elizabeth River. The city of Gosport was annexed by Portsmouth in 1784. Although the shipyard has never been in Norfolk, the current name of the entity is the Norfolk Naval Shipyard.
[xxi] Norfolk Navy Yard, Birth of the Gosport yard & into the 19th Century, by Marcus W. Robbins.
[xxii] Edward P. Lull, 1974, History of the United States Navy-Yard at Gosport,Virginia (near Norfolk), for the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department.
[xxiiia] From an engraving by J. O. Montalant, published 1845 in Howe's "Historical Collections of Virginia"
Letters in The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651-1827:
[xxiii] Daniel Bedinger to Thomas Newton, 1806
[xxiv] Bedinger Daniel from Robert Smith, December 15, 1806
[xxv] Daniel Bedinger to Robert Smith, December 22, 1806
[xxvi] Daniel Bedinger to Robert Smith, January 16, 1807
[xxvii] Daniel Bedinger to Thomas Jefferson, December 19, 1807, in The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651-1827.
[xxviia] Original Stockholders Dismal Swamp Canal, Tennessee Archives Library in Nashville, Tennessee.
[xxviib] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For A Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 88.
[xxviic] Dismal Swamp Canal from: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Swamp_Canal
[xxviii] Letter from Henry Bedinger to George Michael Bedinger, June 2, 1812, Bedinger and Dandridge Family Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
[xxixa] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For a Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 126.
[xxixb] Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For a Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 127.
[xxixc] Dr. Benjamin F. Bedinger, Richwood, Kentucky, to Henrietta Bedinger Lee, ? 1871, Goldsborough Collection, Lee-Fendall House, Alexandria, Virginia quoted in Levin, Alexandra Lee, 1995, For a Brave America the Bedinger Brothers in War and Peace, 1775-1843, Shamrock Hollow, John Day, Oregon, 215 p., p. 127.
[xxix] Journal of Daniel Bedinger of his journey from Shepherdstown to New Orleans with his son-in-law Dr. Seth B. Foster in 1811 in Bedinger and Dandridge Family Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
[xxx] Bible of Joseph and Mary Love with Inscription is now in the possession of the Manuscript Department, Tennessee State Archives, Nashville, Tennessee. Joseph and Mary Love were settlers in eastern Tennessee when the New Madrid earthquake occurred. They are ancestors of Singleton Berry Bedinger, Jr.
[xxxi] Rezin Davis Shepherd was a long-time friend of Daniel Bedinger, a native of Shepherdstown and grandson of he town's founder, Thomas Shepherd.
[xxxii] Washington, John Thornton Augustine Washington, 1891, A Genealogical History of the Washington Family in America, Press of McGill & Wallace, Washington, D. C., 71 p., p. 27.
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Page revised 31 August and 2 September 2015
Page revised October 5, 2016